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What is a copyright notice or copyright symbol and how to correctly use it.
A copyright notice or copyright symbol is an identifier placed on copies of the work to inform the world of copyright ownership.
While use of a copyright notice was once required as a condition of copyright protection, it is now optional. Use of the copyright
notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with the
Copyright Office.
Because prior law did contain such a requirement, however, the use of a copyright notice or copyright symbol is still
relevant to the copyright status of older works.
Copyright notice was required under the 1976 Copyright Act. This requirement was eliminated when the United States adhered
to the Berne Convention, effective March 1, 1989. Although works published without copyright notice before that date could
have entered the public domain in the United States, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) restores copyright in certain
foreign works originally published without copyright notice.
How Is A Copyright Symbol Useful
Use of the copyright notice may be important because it informs the public that the work is protected by copyright, identifies
the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a work is infringed, if a proper
notice of copyright appears on the published copy or copies to which a defendant in a copyright infringement suit had access,
then no weight shall be given to such a defendant's defense based on innocent infringement. Innocent infringement occurs when
the infringer did not realize that the work was protected.
The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from,
or registration with, the Copyright Office.
Correct Form For The Copyright Symbol
The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all the following three elements:
1. The copyright symbol © (the letter C in a circle), or the word "Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr."
2. The year of first publication of the work. In the case of compilations or derivative works incorporating previously
published material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or derivative work is sufficient. The year date
may be omitted where a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in
or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or any useful article.
3. The name of the owner of copyright in the work, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally
known alternative designation of the owner.
Example: copyright © 2002 John Doe
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